Friday, May 22, 2020

Definition of Angstrom in Physics and Chemistry

An angstrom or à ¥ngstrà ¶m  is a unit of length used to measure very small distances. One angstrom is equal to  10−10  m  (one ten-billionth of a  meter  or 0.1  nanometers). Although the unit is recognized world-wide, it is not an International System  (SI) or metric unit. The symbol for angstrom is Ã…, which is a letter in the Swedish alphabet. 1 Ã… 10-10 meters Uses of the Angstrom The diameter of an atom is on the order of 1 angstrom, so the unit is particularly handy when referring to the atomic and ionic radius or size of molecules and spacing between planes of atoms in crystals. The covalent radius of atoms of chlorine, sulfur, and phosphorus are about one angstrom, while the size of a hydrogen atom is about half of an angstrom. The angstrom is used in solid-state physics, chemistry, and crystallography. The unit is used to cite wavelengths of light, chemical bond length, and the size of microscopic structures using the electron microscope. X-ray wavelengths may be given in angstroms, as these values typically range  from 1 to 10 Ã…. Angstrom History The unit is named for Swedish physicist Anders Jonas  Ãƒâ€¦ngstrà ¶m, who used it to produce a chart of the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation in sunlight in 1868. His use of units made it possible to report the wavelengths of visible light (4000  to  7000  Ãƒâ€¦) without having to use decimals or fractions. The chart and unit became widely used in solar physics, atomic spectroscopy, and other sciences that deal with extremely small structures. Although the angstrom is  10−10  meters, it was precisely defined by its own standard because it is so small. The error in the meter standard was larger than the angstrom unit! The 1907 definition of the angstrom was the wavelength of the red line of cadmium set to be  6438.46963 international à ¥ngstrà ¶ms. In 1960, the standard for the meter was redefined in terms of spectroscopy, finally basing the two units on the same definition. Multiples of the Angstrom Other units based on the angstrom are the micron (104  Ãƒâ€¦) and the millimicron (10 Ã…). These units are used to measure thin film thicknesses and molecular diameters. Writing the Angstrom Symbol Although the symbol for the angstrom is easy to write on paper, some code is needed to produce it using digital media. In older papers, the abbreviation A.U. was sometimes used. Methods of writing the symbol include: Typing the symbol U212B or U00C5 in UnicodeUsing the symbol #8491 or #197 in HTMLUsing the code Aring; in HTML Sources International Bureau of Weights and Measures. The International System of Units (SI) (8th ed.). 2006, p. 127. ISBN 92-822-2213-6.Wells, John C. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman, 2008. ISBN 9781405881180.

Saturday, May 9, 2020

The War Against Terrorism Essay - 781 Words

The War Against Terrorism On August 2nd 1990, Iraq invaded the small oil rich country of Kuwait on its southeastern border. Iraq claimed that Kuwait was a long time province from the 1800’s and early 1900s’, whose lands belonged under control of Iraq, a so-called province. Saddam Hussein also argued that Kuwait was pumping oil from an oil field that was on the border of the two countries and belonged to Iraq. Upon gaining control of Kuwait, Hussein was able to eliminate his previous debt to Kuwait and gain it’s substantial oil wealth, roughly 10% of the worlds oil supply. Regardless of the motives behind Iraq’s invasion, under international law, none of Iraq’s claims against Kuwait justified its invasion of that country. The†¦show more content†¦In the aftermath of the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11th, the world has had a sobering look at world terrorism. Led mainly by the United States, and supported by the United Nations, a new war on terrorism has begun. Overwhelming support worldwide has surfaced as President Bush has vowed to punish those who decide to commit terrorist acts, as well as those who harbor or condone these activities. So far Bush has followed through on his promise with the war in Afghanistan against the Taliban regime. Others are also displaying their understanding of the situation and are treading a great deal lighter in search of their causes to avoid being labeled as terrorists, as shown by the latest disarmament and return to the negotiating table by the Irish Republican Army. As the world watches, President Bush is now faced with enormous pressure to gain control of the Arab-Israeli conflict. However, this situation is a difficult one. With Israeli’s continual attempt to occupy more land in the disputed settlements, Palestinian anger only grows. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Changes in Education Sector in Rural Bangladesh Free Essays

Education Sector Education sector has faced significant changes over decades in rural Bangladesh. Earlier the maximum level of education that people received was mainly upto primary education. The drop-out rate was very high. We will write a custom essay sample on Changes in Education Sector in Rural Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now The number of female students was very low and they used get married while studying in primary level. As a result, the number of female students in the secondary level was almost zero. The main reason behind this low enrollment in secondary level was ignorance of the parents. They had this mind setup that primary education was good enough for their children and encouraged them to get involved in income earning activity for which they got no time to study. But, people are learning about the importance of education gradually, although the number of drop-outs is still not very low in poor families and among girls. Another trend in the village was late admission. By the time they completed primary education they had become 17/18 years old. Nowadays, in the village a student completes his/her higher secondary education at this age. The medium of education has also changed. Earlier parents were inclined to ‘madrasa’ education. They wanted to make their children ‘moulana’. But today the parents see their children becoming doctors or engineers in the future. Earlier the villagers used to send their children to colleges near the village or at best near the district. But in recent years, parents are showing interest in sending their children to the capital for studying in college. Many of them are getting admitted in BUET, Dhaka University, and other prestigious universities of the country. One of the main reasons of this radical change in education level of the village is the establishment of school, colleges in the recent years. Earlier, there was only one or two primary and high schools in the village. But many schools, colleges are being established nowadays with the initiative of the government and NGOs. The government is offering different scholarship programs for encouraging the rural people to send their children to schools, colleges and receive education. Awareness programs are being held by NGOs and the government for making people conscious about the importance of education. Another important change in the education system in rural Bangladesh is increased enrollments in diploma level of education. This trend has started very recently. Some of the students has already passed diploma others and are on the way of passing. How to cite Changes in Education Sector in Rural Bangladesh, Papers